Django-RESTful Api 之请求与响应

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配置应用

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INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'myApp',
    'rest_framework',
]

Request 对象

  • **request.POST：** 只能处理表单数据，并且只能处理 POST 请求
  • **request.data：** 能处理各种请求数据，可以处理 PUT 和 PATCH 请求的数据

Response 对象

  • **JsonResponse类：** 用于返回 json 格式的响应数据，在 return 的时候需要指明 json 格式
  • **Reponse类：** 会根据客户端的请求头部信息来返回正确的内容类型

状态码

  • 发送 http 请求是会返回各种各样的状态码，但是都是数字，这些数字不能够明确的让程序员了解错误
  • HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST极大的提高可读性

视图

  • **@api_view：** 是装饰器，用在基于函数的视图上
  • **APIView：** 是类，用在基于类的视图上
  • ** 注意：** 提供一些功能，让程序员节省工作量，接收到错误的request.data抛出parseError，或者在适当时候返回 405 状态码

应用扩展

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from myApp.models import Student, Grade
from myApp.serializers import StudentSerializer
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import status


# Create your views here.
@api_view(["GET", "POST"])
def studentsList(request):
    if request.method == "GET":
        stus = Student.objects.all()
        serializer = StudentSerializer(stus, many=True)
        # 不需要指定json格式，返回给客户端的可以json也可以是HTML等类型的数据，如果返回会的是HTML，会在浏览器经过渲染展示
        return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_200_OK)
    elif request.method == "POST":
        serializer = StudentSerializer(data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)


@api_view(["GET", "PUT", "DELETE"])
def studentDetail(request, pk):
    try:
        stu = Student.objects.get(pk=pk)
    except Student.DoesNotExist as e:
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)
    if request.method == "GET":
        serializer = StudentSerializer(stu)
        return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_200_OK)
    elif request.method == "PUT":
        serializer = StudentSerializer(stu, data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
    elif request.method == "DELETE":
        stu.delete()
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)

向 URL 添加可选的格式后缀

  • 视图：

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    def studentsList(request, format=None)
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    def studentDetail(request, pk, format=None)

  • 路由：

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    from django.conf.urls import url
    from myApp import views
    # 格式后缀
    from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns

    urlpatterns = [

        url(r'^students/$', views.studentsList),
        url(r'^students/(?P<pk>\d+)', views.studentDetail),
    ]
    urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)

  • 测试：

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    http://127.0.0.1:8000/students.api
    http://127.0.0.1:8000/students.json

  • 示例：

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    from myApp.models import Student, Grade
    from myApp.serializers import StudentSerializer
    from rest_framework.decorators import api_view
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from rest_framework import status


    # Create your views here.
    @api_view(["GET", "POST"])
    def studentsList(request, format=None):
        if request.method == "GET":
            stus = Student.objects.all()
            serializer = StudentSerializer(stus, many=True)
            # 不需要指定json格式，返回给客户端的可以json也可以是HTML等类型的数据，如果返回会的是HTML，会在浏览器经过渲染展示
            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_200_OK)
        elif request.method == "POST":
            serializer = StudentSerializer(data=request.data)
            if serializer.is_valid():
                serializer.save()
                return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
            return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)


    @api_view(["GET", "PUT", "DELETE"])
    def studentDetail(request, pk, format=None):
        try:
            stu = Student.objects.get(pk=pk)
        except Student.DoesNotExist as e:
            return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)
        if request.method == "GET":
            serializer = StudentSerializer(stu)
            return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_200_OK)
        elif request.method == "PUT":
            serializer = StudentSerializer(stu, data=request.data)
            if serializer.is_valid():
                serializer.save()
                return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
            return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
        elif request.method == "DELETE":
            stu.delete()
          return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
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